The EU enters into numerous other treaties in addition to the founding treaties. Regulations are adopted by the Council of the European Union upon a proposal from the Commission. Regulations have general effect and are directly applicable in all of the Member States. Directives are adopted by the Council of the European Union upon a proposal from the Commission.
Directives are addressed to the Member States and are binding - Member States may choose the form and methods of implementation. The process of implementation is called harmonization. Decisions are issued by the Council or Commission and are binding on the governments, companies, or individuals addressed. You must know what type of legal act you have since directives, commission decisions and recommendations can have the same numerical citation.
Documents published in the L series of the OJ from 1 January will be numbered by the Publications Office of the European Union in the following standardised way:. YYYY represents the year of publication and always comprises four digits.
N represents the sequential number of the document for a given year, regardless of the domain and the type of document, and is composed of as many digits as necessary. Debates of the European Parliament. European Parliament, Working Documents. Older documents in Microfiche KJE Commission of the European Communities, Documents.
EU secondary legislation is made by the EU institutions. The binding legal instruments that make up the secondary legislation of the EU are Regulations, Directives and Decisions. Article of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union also provides for non binding legal instruments. Recommendations and Opinions have moral and political significance, without being legally binding.
The three other main forms of actions that shape the EU legal order without having legally binding effect are Resolutions, Declarations and Action programmes.
EU legislation is freely available on EUR-Lex , and this data forms the basis of the content of some of the subscription databases. For draft legislation try Prelex , a Commission database for monitoring the decision making process in the EU, or the European Parliament's Legislative Observatory click the Procedures tab to search.
Westlaw is a large database of UK, US and international legal materials including cases, legislation and journal articles. Because of licencing restrictions this database is not available to "Walk-in" users of the library.
Due to licensing restrictions this database is not available to "Walk-in" users of the library. OU students are required to provide a full citation the first time they cite to a piece of EU legislation. From 1 January onwards, the numbering of EU legislation changed. Since then EU legislation has been given a unique, sequential number. Robinson was born on May 21, , in Ballina, County Mayo. With her husband, Nicholas, whom she married in , she founded the Irish Centre for European Law in She also served on the Joint Committee on Marital Breakdown - She was a member of Dublin City Council from to On December 3, , Robinson was inaugurated as the seventh president of Ireland.
She resigned from the presidency on September 12, , to accept an appointment as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, which she held until Robinson still works to promote human rights and equality.
All Speakers Speeches Political ads. Attorney General U. Cabinet Member U.
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