Martin Trusler , and Qincheng Bi. Llovell , R. Marcos , and L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 17 , Motahhari , M. Satyro , and H. Tan,, Hertanto Adidharma,, Brian F.
Towler, and, Maciej Radosz. Ilja Siepmann. Journal of Molecular Liquids , , Sisco , Mohammed I. Abutaqiya , Walter G. Chapman , Francisco M. One-parameter friction theory viscosity model for the cubic-plus-chain equation of state.
Fluid Phase Equilibria , , Experimental investigation and correlations of thermophysical properties for bio-aviation kerosene surrogate containing n-decane with ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics , , Predicting viscosity of nonpolar mixtures as a function of temperature and pressure from volumetric and optical measurements performed at ambient conditions.
Predicting the viscosity of n-alkane liquid mixtures based on molecular description. Fuel , , Correlation for viscosities of pure liquids at high pressures. A new correlative model for viscosity estimation of pure components, bitumens, size-asymmetric mixtures and reservoir fluids. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering , , Mahajan , Sunil R. In this study, we focused our efforts on the production of ARed using high -cell-density cultivation HCDC of recombinant Escherichia coli.
We achieved mg 5, nmol of functional enzyme per liter of culture. Tight control of cultivation parameters rendered the whole process highly reproducible compared with flask cultivations. We investigated different reaction conditions and found that the total turnover numbers of ARed during the in vitro hydroxylation of n- octane could reach up to 3, to produce 1-octanol 1.
No formation of a heavy organic phase third phase was observed with TEHP and TOP under the experimental conditions used, whereas for 0. For higher HCl concentrations in the aqueous phase, the organic phase splits into a light and a heavy layer. For TOPO, the scattering signals suggested the formation of much larger and strongly interacting micelles. According to this model, organic phase splitting is due to van der Waals interactions between the polar cores of reverse micelles formed by the extractants in the organic phase.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of di- 3, 8-diazabicyclo[3. Based on the structure characteristics of the lead compounds, 1, 1' octanedioyl-4, 4'-dimethyl-4, 4'-dibenzyl dipiperazinium dibromide 2 and 3, 8-disubstituted-3, 8-diazabicyclo [3. Target compounds 3 a-c and the hydrochloride salts of their precursors 10 a-c were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic and sedative activities.
Interestingly, the introduction of an endoethylenic bridge in the piperazine of lead compound 2 causes loss of the analgesic activity and increases the toxicity dramatically.
This result shows that the flexible conformation of piperazine in compound 2 is favorable for interaction with the receptor, and the quaternization of compounds 10 a-c is the main reason for the toxicity increase.
Identification of octanal as plant growth inhibitory volatile compound released from Heracleum sosnowskyi fruit. Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden of the Apiaceae family is a malignant invasive plant in Eastern Europe, Belarus and Russia.
The species is known for its prolific seed production, which has been linked to the plant's invasive success. The fruit also has a strong aroma, but the contribution of the fruit's volatile constituent to out-compete neighboring plants has not been fully established.
In this study, fruit volatiles of H. Octyl acetate, octanol, octanal , hexyl isobutyrate, and hexylmethyl butyrate were found to be the principal volatiles. Using authentic standards, the growth-inhibitory property of the individual compounds was assayed by the novel Cotton swab method. Assay results with lettuce Lactuca sativa showed that octanal strongly inhibited seed germination and radicle elongation of seedlings. The results suggest that octanal may be the main contributor to the allelopathic activity of H.
Furthermore, the mixture of fruit volatiles from the invasive H. Thus, the present study is the first to demonstrate the possible involvement of fruit volatiles of Heracleum species in plant-plant interaction.
Producing high-octane fuel HOF with the current level of ethanol blending E10 could increase the energy and greenhouse gas GHG emissions intensity of the fuel product from refinery operations. The scope of the previous phase I study, however, was limited to evaluating PADDs 2 and 3 operation changes with various HOF market share scenarios and ethanol blending levels.
Also, the study used three typical configuration models of refineries cracking, light coking, and heavy coking in each PADD, which may not be representative of the aggregate response of all refineries in each PADD to various ethanol blending levels and HOF market scenarios.
Lastly, the phase I study assumed no new refinery expansion in the existing refineries, which limited E10 HOF production. Phase equilibria in a system of aqueous arginine with an octane solution of sulfonic acid. The extraction of arginine Arg from aqueous salt 0.
The 0. The degree of extraction was found to be high at pH 0. This can be explained by the effect of additional intermolecular interactions in the extractant phase involving the guanidine group of Arg. The carburetor is equipped with both a high speed and low speed fuel jet. It is unknown what engine speed it switches from one to. Here, this study investigated the potential for catalytically reforming liquid fuels in a simulated exhaust gas recirculation EGR mixture loop for the purpose of generating reformate that could be used to increase stoichiometric combustion engine efficiency.
Both steam reforming and partial oxidation reforming were examined as routes for the production of reformate. Meanwhile, measurements of total fuel enthalpy retention were shown to have favorable energetics under a range of conditions, although a tradeoff between fuel enthalpy retention and reformate production was observed.
Of the three fuels evaluated, iso- octane exhibited the best overall performance, followed by ethanol and then gasoline. Economic and environmental benefits of higher- octane gasoline. We quantify the economic and environmental benefits of designing U.
We use engine simulations, a review of experimental data, and drive cycle simulations to estimate the reduction in fuel consumption associated with using higher-RON gasoline in individual vehicles. Lifecycle CO2 emissions and economic impacts for the U. LDV fleet are estimated based on a linear-programming refinery model, a historically calibrated fleet model, and a well-to-wheels emissions analysis. We find that greater use of high -RON gasoline in appropriately tuned vehicles could reduce annual gasoline consumption in the U.
Adoption of a RON standard in the U. The design includes advancements that aremore » likely and targeted to be achieved by for the feedstock logistics and for the IDL conversion process.
The design case for the conversion process, as modeled in Tan et al. The HOG SCSA case considers the feedstock design case the blend as well as individual feedstock cases separately as alternative scenarios when the feedstock blend ratio varies as a result of a change in feedstock availability.
These scenarios could be viewed as bounding SCSA results because of distinctive requirements for energy and chemical inputs for the production and logistics of different components of the blend feedstocks. Growth on octane alters the membrane lipid fatty acids of Pseudomonas oleovorans due to the induction of alkB and synthesis of octanol. PubMed Central. Growth of Pseudomonas oleovorans GPo1, which contains the OCT plasmid, on octane results in changes in the membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition.
These changes were not found for GPo12, an OCT-plasmid-cured variant of GPo1, during growth in the presence or absence of octane , implying the involvement of OCT-plasmid-encoded functions. When recombinant strain GPo12 pGEc47 carrying the alk genes from the OCT plasmid was grown on octane , the cells showed the same changes in fatty acid composition as those found for GPo1, indicating that such changes result from induction and expression of the alk genes.
Further experiments showed that the increase of the mean acyl chain length of fatty acids is related to the expression of alkB, which encodes a major integral membrane protein, while the formation of trans unsaturated fatty acids mainly results from the effects of 1-octanol, an octane oxidation product. High conversion of coal to transportation fuels for the future with low HC gas production. Progress report Number 10, January March 31, A second objective is to produce a fuel which is low in aromatics, yet of sufficiently high octane number for use in the gasoline-burning transportation vehicles of today.
To meet this second objective, research was proposed for conversion of the highly -aromatic liquid product from coal conversion to a product high in isoparaffins, which compounds in the gasoline range exhibit a high octane number Task B. Experimental coal liquefaction studiesmore » conducted in a batch microreactor have demonstrated potential for high conversions of coal to liquids with low yields of hydrocarbon HC gases, hence small consumption of hydrogen in the primary liquefaction step.
The principal objective of this work is to examine how nearly one may approach these results in a continuous-flow system, at a size sufficient to evaluate the process concept for production of transportation fuels from coal.
A continuous-flow reactor system is to be designed, constructed and operated. The system is to be computer-operated for process control and data logging, and is to be fully instrumented. From these analyses, together with GC analyses of the HC gases, hydrogen consumption for the conversion to primary liquids will be calculated.
Conversion of the aromatics of this liquid product to isoparaffins will be investigated. Results to date on both tasks are presented. The design includes advancements that are likely and targeted to be achieved by for the feedstock logistics and for the IDL conversion process. Moreover, the design case for the conversion process, as described in Tan et al. The performance characteristics of this blend are consistent with those of a single woody feedstock e.
We also examined the influence of using a single feedstock type on SCSA results for the design case. These single feedstock scenarios could be viewed as bounding SCSA results given that the different components of the feedstock blend have varying energy and material demands for production and logistics. New generalized corresponding states correlation for surface tension of normal saturated liquids. A new simple correlation based on the principle of corresponding state is proposed to estimate the temperature-dependent surface tension of normal saturated liquids.
The new correlation contains three coefficients obtained by fitting 17, surface tension data of 38 saturated normal liquids. These 38 liquids contain refrigerants, hydrocarbons and some other inorganic liquids. The new correlation requires only the triple point temperature, triple point surface tension and critical point temperature as input and is able to well represent the experimental surface tension data for each of the 38 saturated normal liquids from the triple temperature up to the point near the critical point.
Thus, the new correlation gives better overall results in comparison with other correlations for these 38 normal saturated liquids. In deuterochloroform and deuterobenzene the cyclopentane and piperidine rings of the title compounds show an envelope conformation flattened at C8 and a distorted chair conformation puckered at C8 and flattened at N3, respectively, with the N-substituent in an equatorial position.
These results are in close agreement with that found for compound Va in the crystalline state. Third phase formation in the extraction of phosphotungstic acid by TBP in n- octane.
Surface nanodroplets for highly efficient liquid-liquid microextraction. Nanoscale droplets on a substrate are an essential element for a wide range of applications, such as laboratory-on-chip devices, simple and highly efficient miniaturized reactors for concentrating products, high -throughput single-bacteria or single-biomolecular analysis, encapsulation, and high -resolution imaging techniques.
The solvent exchange process is a simple bottom-up approach for producing droplets at solid- liquid interfaces that are only several tens to hundreds of nanometers in height, or a few femtoliters in volume Oil nanodroplets can be produced on a substrate by solvent exchange in which a good solvent of oil is displaced by a poor solvent. Our previous work has significantly advanced understanding of the principle of solvent exchange, and the droplet size can be well-controlled by several parameters, including flow rates, flow geometry, gravitational effect and composition of solutions.
In this work, we studied the microextraction effect of surface nanodroplets. Oil nanodroplets have been demonstrated to provide highly -efficient liquid-liquid microextraction of hydrophobic solute in a highly diluted solution.
This effect proved the feasibility of nanodroplets as a platform for preconcentrating compounds for in situ highly sensitive microanalysis without further separation. Also the long lifetime and temporal stability of surface nanodroplets allow for some long-term extraction process and extraction without addition of stabilisers.
High -pressure liquid -monopropellant strand combustion. Examination of the influence of dissolved gases on the state of the liquid surface during high -pressure liquid -monopropellant combustion through the use of a strand burning experiment.
Liquid surface temperatures were measured, using fine-wire thermocouples, during the strand combustion of ethyl nitrate, normal propyl nitrate, and propylene glycol dinitrate at pressures up to 81 atm.
These measurements were compared with the predictions of a variable-property gas-phase analysis assuming an infinite activation energy for the decomposition reaction. The state of the liquid surface was estimated using a conventional low-pressure phase equilibrium model, as well as a high -pressure version that considered the presence of dissolved combustion-product gases in the liquid phase. The high -pressure model was found to give a superior prediction of measured liquid surface temperatures.
Computed total pressures required for the surface to reach its critical mixing point during strand combustion were found to be in the range from 2. As proteins contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids, they will readily adsorb onto interfaces between water and hydrophobic fluids such as oil. This adsorption normally causes changes in the protein structure, which can result in loss of protein function and irreversible adsorption, leading to the formation of protein interfacial films.
While this can be advantageous in some applications e. To understand and control protein interfacial adsorption and function, it is necessary to understand the microscopic conformation of proteins at liquid interfaces.
Using replica exchange simulations, both proteins are found to possess a number of distinct interfacial conformations, with compact states similar to the solution conformation being most common for both proteins.
Revealing these differences between the factors that govern the conformational change at interfaces in otherwise similar proteins can give insight into the control of protein interfacial adsorption, aggregation, and function. Isolation and biological activities of decanal, linalool, valencene, and octanal from sweet orange oil.
Product 1 The antioxidant activity of sweet orange oil and these products was investigated using 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl and reducing power assays. In this test, product 1 The antimicrobial activity was investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy against 5 microorganisms. The results showed that sweet orange oil, product 2 Valencene did not show any inhibitory effect. Saccharomyces cerivisiae was more susceptible, especially to the crude sweet orange oil minimal inhibitory concentration 6.
The cytotoxicity was evaluated on Hela cells using the 3- 4,5-dimethyl-thiazolyl -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Apparatus and method for comparing corresponding acoustic resonances in liquids.
The present invention permits the measurement of certain characteristics of liquids which affect the speed of sound therein. For example, a direct correlation between the octane rating of gasoline and the speed of sound in a gasoline sample has been experimentally observed. Therefore, changes in the speed of sound therein can be utilized as a sensitive parameter for determining changes in composition of a liquid sample.
The present apparatus establishes interference patterns inside of a liquid without requiring the use of very thin, rigorously parallel ceramic discs, but rather uses readily available piezoelectric transducers attached to the outside surface of the usual container for the liquid and located on the same side thereof in the vicinity of one another. That is, various receptacle geometries may be employed, and the driving and receiving transducers may be located on the same side of the receptacle.
The cell may also be constructed of any material that is inert to the liquid under investigation. A single-transducer embodiment, where the same transducer provides the excitation to the sample container and receives signals impressed therein, is also described.
Apparatus and method are disclosed for comparing corresponding acoustic resonances in liquids. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of hydrated electrons near a liquid water surface. We present time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of trapped electrons near liquid surfaces.
Photoemission from the ground state of a hydrated electron at nm is found to be isotropic, while anisotropic photoemission is observed for the excited states of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane and I- in aqueous solutions.
Our results indicate that surface and subsurface species create hydrated electrons in the bulk side. No signature of a surface-bound electron has been observed. Sulfur removal of DBT in n- octane was Moreover, the sulfur removal increased with increasing temperature because of the high reaction rate constant, low viscosity, and high solubility of dibenzothiophene-sulfone in the IL.
The kinetics of oxidative desulfurization of DBT was also investigated, and the apparent activation energy was found to be The IL could be recycled six times without a significant decrease in activity. One of the cations is in a fully extended linear conformation while the second one has a terminal C—C—C—N gauche conformation. Theoretical Prediction of the Heats of Formation, Densities, and Relative Sensitivities for 5,7-dinitro-5,7-diaza-1,3-dioxabicyclo octan one.
Electrostatic potential map of 5,7-dinitro-5,7-diaza-1,3-dioxabicyclo octan one, a with and b-c without molecule overlay. Image c shows the opposite. Liquid liquid chromatography was performed with columns packed with stationary phases chemically bonded to silica microparticules. These columns show a high efficiency and are used very easily. Flavouring compounds like aromatic aldehydes which have a low volatility were analyzed in brandy using a polar phase alkylnitrile. Sapid substances like amarogentin in Gentiana lutea or glyryrrhizin in Glycyrrhiza glabra were determined by reversed phase chromatography.
Finally ionizable substances like synthetic dyes can be analyzed by paired ion chromatography witha non polar stationary phase. High pressure liquid level monitor. A liquid level monitor for tracking the level of a coal slurry in a high -pressure vessel including a toroidal-shaped float with magnetically permeable bands thereon disposed within the vessel, two pairs of magnetic field generators and detectors disposed outside the vessel adjacent the top and bottom thereof and magnetically coupled to the magnetically permeable bands on the float, and signal processing circuitry for combining signals from the top and bottom detectors for generating a monotonically increasing analog control signal which is a function of liquid level.
The control signal may be utilized to operate high -pressure control valves associated with processes in which the high -pressure vessel is used. Bridged bicyclic rings containing nitrogen heterocycles are important motifs in bioactive small organic molecules. An enantioselective copper-catalyzed alkene carboamination reaction that creates bridged heterocycles is reported herein.
Two new rings are formed in this alkene carboamination reaction where N-sulfonylarylpentenamines are converted to 6-azabicyclo[3. Two new stereocenters are formed in the reaction, and the C-C bond-forming arene addition is a net C-H functionalization. Transport properties of nonelectrolyte liquid mixtures—VII. Changes in the high -pressure self-centering falling-body viscometer system, and the new automated data logging system, are described.
The pressure dependence of the results is found to be represented equally well by the recent equation of Makita and by a free-volume form of equation.
The Grunberg and Nissan equation gives a good fit to the mixture viscosity coefficient data. These mechanisms include both high temperature and low temperature reaction pathways.
The mechanisms are based on our previous mechanisms for the primary reference fuels n-heptane and iso- octane , using the reaction class mechanism construction first developed for n-heptane. Individual reaction class rules aremore » as simple as possible in order to focus on the parallelism between all of the n-alkane fuels included in the mechanisms, and these mechanisms will be refined further in the future to incorporate greater levels of accuracy and predictive capability. These mechanisms are validated through extensive comparisons between computed and experimental data from a wide variety of different sources.
In addition, numerical experiments are carried out to examine features of n-alkane combustion in which the detailed mechanisms can be used to compare reactivities of different n-alkane fuels. The mechanisms for all of these n-alkanes are presented as a single detailed mechanism, which can be edited to produce efficient mechanisms for any of the n-alkanes included, and the entire mechanism, with supporting thermochemical and transport data, together with an explanatory glossary explaining notations and structural details, will be available for download from our web page.
Therefore, it is suggested that certain regions of homology exist between the CAM and OCT plasmids that enable them to recombine to form a single plasmid, and to overcome the incompatibility barrier that prevents their coexisting.
Polymethylated [4. In this communication, we report on the discovery of novel zeolite compositions, SSZ The zeolite has the RTH topology but can be made over a large silica-to-alumina range including no aluminum at all. The surprising capability to produce a broad compositional range comes from the use of a single organo-cation guest molecule in the zeolite synthesis.
The molecule is a specific derivative from within a family of 2-aza [4. Study of surface-bonded dicationic ionic liquids as stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
In the present study, several geminal dicationic ionic liquids based on 1,4-bis 3-allylimidazolium butane and 1,8-bis 3-allylimidazolium octane in combination with different anions bromide and bis trifluoromethanesulphonyl imide were prepared and then bonded to the surface of 3-mercaptopropyl modified silica materials through the "thiol-ene" click chemistry as stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography HILIC.
Moreover, the influence of different alkyl chain spacer between dications and combined anions on the retention behavior and selectivity of the dicationic ionic liquids stationary phases under HILIC mode was displayed. The results indicated that the longer linkage chain would decrease the hydrophilicity and retention on the dicationic ionic liquid stationary phase, and while differently combined anions had no difference due to the exchangeability under the common HILIC mobile phase with buffer salt.
Finally, the retention mechanism was investigated by evaluating the effect of chromatographic factors on retention, including the water content in the mobile phase, the mobile phase pH and buffer salt concentration. The results showed that the dicationic ionic liquids stationary phases presented a mixed-mode retention behavior with HILIC mechanism and anion exchange. Use of high pressure liquid chromatography in the study of liquid lubricant oxidation.
The general principles of classical liquid chromatography and high -pressure liquid chromatography HPLC are reviewed, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Several chromatographic techniques are reviewed, and the analysis of a C-ether liquid lubricant by each technique is illustrated.
An analysis by size exclusion chromatography of an ester lubricant, which had been degraded using a micro-oxidation apparatus, is illustrated to show how HPLC can be used in the study of high -temperature lubricant degradation. Containerless measurements on liquids at high temperatures. The application of containerless techniques for measurements of the thermophysical properties of high temperature liquids is reviewed.
Recent results obtained in the materials research laboratories at Intersonics are also presented. Work to measure high temperature liquid properties is motivated by both the need for reliable property data for modeling of industrial processes involving molten materials and generation of data form basic modeling of materials behavior. The motivation for this work and examples of variations in thermophysical property values from the literature are presented. The two methods used to achieve containerless conditions were aeroacoustic levitation and electromagnetic levitation.
Their qualities are presented. The accompanying slides show the layout of levitation equipment and present examples of levitated metallic and ceramic specimens.
Containerless techniques provide a high degree of control over specimen chemistry, nucleation and allow precise control of liquid composition to be achieved. Effects of minor additions can thus be measured in a systematic way. Operation in reduced gravity enables enhanced control of liquid motion which can allow measurement of liquid transport properties.
Examples of nucleation control, the thermodynamics of oxide contamination removal, and control of the chromium content of liquid aluminum oxide by high temperature containerless processes are presented. The feasibility of measuring temperature, emissivity, liquidus temperature, enthalpy, surface tension, density, viscosity, and thermal diffusivity are discussed in the final section of the paper.
Determination of sulfonamides in butter samples by ionic liquid magnetic bar liquid -phase microextraction high -performance liquid chromatography. A novel, simple, and environmentally friendly pretreatment method, ionic liquid magnetic bar liquid -phase microextraction, was developed for the determination of sulfonamides in butter samples by high -performance liquid chromatography.
The ionic liquid magnetic bar was prepared by inserting a stainless steel wire into the hollow of a hollow fiber and immobilizing ionic liquid in the micropores of the hollow fiber.
In the extraction process, the ionic liquid magnetic bars were used to stir the mixture of sample and extraction solvent and enrich the sulfonamides in the mixture. After extraction, the analyte-adsorbed ionic liquid magnetic bars were readily isolated with a magnet from the extraction system. It is notable that the present method was environmentally friendly since water and only several microliters of ionic liquid were used in the whole extraction process. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, including the type of ionic liquid , sample-to-extraction solvent ratio, the number of ionic liquid magnetic bars, extraction temperature, extraction time, salt concentration, stirring speed, pH of the extraction solvent, and desorption conditions.
The recoveries were in the range of The experiment results indicated that the present method was effective for the extraction of sulfonamides in high -fat content samples. Measurement of K, an oxime-type cholinesterase reactivator by high -performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection from different biological samples.
K is a bisquaternary asymmetric pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivator of use in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. A sensitive, simple and reliable reverse-phase high -performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection was developed for the measurement of K concentrations in rat brain, cerebrospinal fluid, serum and urine samples.
Male Wistar rats were treated intramuscularly with K and the samples were collected 60 min later. Separation was carried out on an octadecyl silica stationary phase and a disodium phosphate solution pH 3. Measurements were carried out at 30 degrees C at E ox 0. Accuracy, precision and the limit of detection calculated were satisfactory according to internationally accepted criteria. The method developed is reliable and sensitive enough for monitoring K levels from different biological samples including as little as 10 microL of cerebrospinal fluid.
The method--with slight modification in the composition of the mobile phase--can be used to measure a wide range of other related pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivators. This novel protocol enables a facile synthesis of a series of diversely functionalized ent-kaurene and cedrene-type skeletons in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities.
High -pressure liquid chromatography of aromatic amines. Analysis made on commercially available liquid chromatograph demonstrates high -pressure liquid chromatographic conditions for separation of approximately 50 aromatic amines ranging from simple aniline derivatives to complex multiring di- and tri-amines. Interaction of 3,8-diazabicyclo 3. A series of 3,8-diazabicyclo 3. The most representative terms 1a, 1d, 1g, 1j, were also evaluated for the analgesic potency in vivo by the hot plate method.
Among the compounds tested the most potent was the p. On the contrary, the m. Compound 1j isomer of 1a which is provided with high mu affinity, but lower analgesic potency, was found to possess a mixed agonist-antagonist activity. Chemical pathways for converting biomass into fuels produce compounds for which key physical and chemical property data are unavailable.
We developed an artificial neural network based group contribution method for estimating cetane and octane numbers that captures the complex dependence of fuel properties of pure compounds on chemical structure and is statistically superior to current methods.
Multicycle Wilhelmy plate method for wetting properties, swelling and liquid sorption of wood. A multicycle Wilhelmy plate method has been developed to investigate wetting properties, liquid sorption, and swelling of porous substrates such as wood.
The use of the method is exemplified by studies of wood veneers of Scots pine sapwood and heartwood, which were subjected to repeated immersion and withdrawal in a swelling liquid water and in a nonswelling liquid octane. The swelling liquid changes the sample dimensions during measurements, in particular its perimeter. This, in turn, influences the force registered. A model based on a linear combination of the measured force and final change in sample perimeter is suggested, and validated to elucidate the dynamic perimeter change of wood veneer samples.
We show that pine heartwood and pine sapwood differ in several respects in their interaction with water. Pine heartwood showed i lower liquid uptake, ii lower swelling, iii higher contact angle, and iv lower level of dissolution of surface active components extractives than pine sapwood. We conclude that the method is also suitable for studying wetting properties of other porous and swellable materials.
The wettability results were supported by surface chemical analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing higher extractives and lignin content on heartwood than on sapwood surfaces. An integrated fiber-optic Raman sensor has been designed for real-time, nonintrusive detection of liquid nitrogen in liquid oxygen LOX at high pressures and high flow rates in order to monitor the quality of LOX used during rocket engine ground testing. The integrated sensor employs a high -power 3-W Melles Griot diode-pumped, solid-state DPSS , frequency-doubled Nd:YAG nm laser; a modified Raman probe that has built-in Raman signal filter optics; two high -resolution spectrometers; and photomultiplier tubes PMTs with selected bandpass filters to collect both N2 and O2 Raman signals.
Studies of sensor performance with different detection systems i. The concentration ratio of N2 and O2 can be inferred by comparing the intensities of the N2 and O2 Raman signals.
An unusual Michael-induced skeletal rearrangement of a bicyclo[3. A novel skeletal rearrangement of bicyclo[3. This novel framework was found to be similarly active to hyperforin 1 , against PC-3 cell lines. A mechanistic study was examined in detail, proposing a number of cascade transformations. Determination of chlorophenols in honey samples using in-situ ionic liquid -dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a pretreatment method followed by high -performance liquid chromatography. In-situ ionic liquid -dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction IL-DLLME method was developed as a pretreatment method for the detection of six chlorophenols CPs in honey samples.
The method showed low limit of detection of CPs, 0. The method is simple, rapid, environmentally friendly and with high extraction efficiency. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. Status and future opportunities for conversion of synthesis gas to liquid energy fuels: Final report. Zaripov, Zaripov, Z. Grolier, Inglese, et al. Shakirov and Lyubarskii, Shakirov, R. Grigor'ev, Rastorguev, et al. Neft Gaz 18 , , No. Connolly, Sage, et al. Osborne and Ginnings, Osborne, N. NBS , , 39, Ambrose and Tsonopoulos, Ambrose, D.
Normal Alkenes , J. Data , , 40, Majer and Svoboda, Majer, V. Ewing and Ochoa, Ewing, M. Stephenson and Malanowski, Stephenson, Richard M. Paul, Krug, et al. Michou-Saucet, Jose, et al. Majer, Svoboda, et al. Carruth and Kobayashi, Carruth, Grant F. Willingham, Taylor, et al. Williamham, Taylor, et al. Bondi, Bondi, A. Mondieig, Rajabalee, et al. Domalski and Hearing, Domalski, Eugene S.
Volume III , J. Rogers, Dejroongruang, et al. Rogers and Siddiqui, Rogers, D. Esters of unsaturated fatty acids , J. Turner, Jarrett, et al. Cyclic acetylenes and some miscellaneous olefins , J. Rogers, Dagdagan, et al.
Sicher, Svoboda, et al.
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